# Using the download utility

The `zc.buildout.download` module provides a download utility that handles the details of downloading files needed for a buildout run from the internet. It downloads files to the local file system, using the download cache if desired and optionally checking the downloaded files’ MD5 checksum.

We setup an HTTP server that provides a file we want to download:

    >>> server_data = tmpdir('sample_files')
    >>> write(server_data, 'foo.txt', 'This is a foo text.')
    >>> server_url = start_server(server_data)

We also use a fresh directory for temporary files in order to make sure that all temporary files have been cleaned up in the end:

    >>> import tempfile
    >>> old_tempdir = tempfile.tempdir
    >>> tempfile.tempdir = tmpdir('tmp')

## Downloading without using the cache

If no download cache should be used, the download utility is instantiated without any arguments:

    >>> from zc.buildout.download import Download
    >>> download = Download()
    >>> print_(download.cache_dir)
    None

Downloading a file is achieved by calling the utility with the URL as an argument. A tuple is returned that consists of the path to the downloaded copy of the file and a boolean value indicating whether this is a temporary file meant to be cleaned up during the same buildout run:

    >>> path, is_temp = download(server_url+'foo.txt')
    >>> print_(path)
    /.../buildout-...
    >>> cat(path)
    This is a foo text.

As we aren’t using the download cache and haven’t specified a target path either, the download has ended up in a temporary file:

    >>> is_temp
    True

    >>> import tempfile
    >>> path.startswith(tempfile.gettempdir())
    True

We are responsible for cleaning up temporary files behind us:

    >>> remove(path)

When trying to access a file that doesn’t exist, we’ll get an exception:

    >>> try: download(server_url+'not-there')
    ... except: print_('download error')
    ... else: print_('woops')
    download error

Downloading a local file doesn’t produce a temporary file but simply returns the local file itself:

    >>> download(join(server_data, 'foo.txt'))
    ('/sample_files/foo.txt', False)

We can also have the downloaded file’s MD5 sum checked:

    >>> try: from hashlib import md5
    ... except ImportError: from md5 import new as md5

    >>> path, is_temp = download(server_url+'foo.txt',
    ...                          md5('This is a foo text.'.encode()).hexdigest())
    >>> is_temp
    True
    >>> remove(path)

    >>> download(server_url+'foo.txt',
    ...          md5('The wrong text.'.encode()).hexdigest())
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ChecksumError: MD5 checksum mismatch downloading 'http://localhost/foo.txt'

The error message in the event of an MD5 checksum mismatch for a local file reads somewhat differently:

    >>> download(join(server_data, 'foo.txt'),
    ...               md5('This is a foo text.'.encode()).hexdigest())
    ('/sample_files/foo.txt', False)

    >>> download(join(server_data, 'foo.txt'),
    ...          md5('The wrong text.'.encode()).hexdigest())
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ChecksumError: MD5 checksum mismatch for local resource at '/sample_files/foo.txt'.

Finally, we can download the file to a specified place in the file system:

    >>> target_dir = tmpdir('download-target')
    >>> path, is_temp = download(server_url+'foo.txt',
    ...                          path=join(target_dir, 'downloaded.txt'))
    >>> print_(path)
    /download-target/downloaded.txt
    >>> cat(path)
    This is a foo text.
    >>> is_temp
    False

Trying to download a file in offline mode will result in an error:

    >>> download = Download(cache=None, offline=True)
    >>> download(server_url+'foo.txt')
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    UserError: Couldn't download 'http://localhost/foo.txt' in offline mode.

As an exception to this rule, file system paths and URLs in the `file` scheme will still work:

    >>> cat(download(join(server_data, 'foo.txt'))[0])
    This is a foo text.
    >>> cat(download('file:' + join(server_data, 'foo.txt'))[0])
    This is a foo text.

    >>> remove(path)

## Downloading using the download cache

In order to make use of the download cache, we need to configure the download utility differently. To do this, we pass a directory path as the `cache` attribute upon instantiation:

    >>> cache = tmpdir('download-cache')
    >>> download = Download(cache=cache)
    >>> print_(download.cache_dir)
    /download-cache/

### Simple usage

When using the cache, a file will be stored in the cache directory when it is first downloaded. The file system path returned by the download utility points to the cached copy:

    >>> ls(cache)
    >>> path, is_temp = download(server_url+'foo.txt')
    >>> print_(path)
    /download-cache/foo.txt
    >>> cat(path)
    This is a foo text.
    >>> is_temp
    False

Whenever the file is downloaded again, the cached copy is used. Let’s change the file on the server to see this:

    >>> write(server_data, 'foo.txt', 'The wrong text.')
    >>> path, is_temp = download(server_url+'foo.txt')
    >>> print_(path)
    /download-cache/foo.txt
    >>> cat(path)
    This is a foo text.

If we specify an MD5 checksum for a file that is already in the cache, the cached copy’s checksum will be verified:

    >>> download(server_url+'foo.txt', md5('The wrong text.'.encode()).hexdigest())
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ChecksumError: MD5 checksum mismatch for cached download
                   from 'http://localhost/foo.txt' at '/download-cache/foo.txt'

Trying to access another file at a different URL which has the same base name will result in the cached copy being used:

    >>> mkdir(server_data, 'other')
    >>> write(server_data, 'other', 'foo.txt', 'The wrong text.')
    >>> path, is_temp = download(server_url+'other/foo.txt')
    >>> print_(path)
    /download-cache/foo.txt
    >>> cat(path)
    This is a foo text.

Given a target path for the download, the utility will provide a copy of the file at that location both when first downloading the file and when using a cached copy:

    >>> remove(cache, 'foo.txt')
    >>> ls(cache)
    >>> write(server_data, 'foo.txt', 'This is a foo text.')

    >>> path, is_temp = download(server_url+'foo.txt',
    ...                          path=join(target_dir, 'downloaded.txt'))
    >>> print_(path)
    /download-target/downloaded.txt
    >>> cat(path)
    This is a foo text.
    >>> is_temp
    False
    >>> ls(cache)
    - foo.txt

    >>> remove(path)
    >>> write(server_data, 'foo.txt', 'The wrong text.')

    >>> path, is_temp = download(server_url+'foo.txt',
    ...                          path=join(target_dir, 'downloaded.txt'))
    >>> print_(path)
    /download-target/downloaded.txt
    >>> cat(path)
    This is a foo text.
    >>> is_temp
    False

In offline mode, downloads from any URL will be successful if the file is found in the cache:

    >>> download = Download(cache=cache, offline=True)
    >>> cat(download(server_url+'foo.txt')[0])
    This is a foo text.

Local resources will be cached just like any others since download caches are sometimes used to create source distributions:

    >>> remove(cache, 'foo.txt')
    >>> ls(cache)

    >>> write(server_data, 'foo.txt', 'This is a foo text.')
    >>> download = Download(cache=cache)

    >>> cat(download('file:' + join(server_data, 'foo.txt'), path=path)[0])
    This is a foo text.
    >>> ls(cache)
    - foo.txt

    >>> remove(cache, 'foo.txt')

    >>> cat(download(join(server_data, 'foo.txt'), path=path)[0])
    This is a foo text.
    >>> ls(cache)
    - foo.txt

    >>> remove(cache, 'foo.txt')

However, resources with checksum mismatches will not be copied to the cache:

    >>> download(server_url+'foo.txt', md5('The wrong text.'.encode()).hexdigest())
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ChecksumError: MD5 checksum mismatch downloading 'http://localhost/foo.txt'
    >>> ls(cache)

    >>> remove(path)

If the file is completely missing it should notify the user of the error:

    >>> download(server_url+'bar.txt')
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ...
    UserError: Error downloading extends for URL http://localhost/bar.txt:
    ...404...
    >>> ls(cache)

Finally, let’s see what happens if the download cache to be used doesn’t exist as a directory in the file system yet:

    >>> Download(cache=join(cache, 'non-existent'))(server_url+'foo.txt')
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    UserError: The directory:
    '/download-cache/non-existent'
    to be used as a download cache doesn't exist.

### Using namespace sub-directories of the download cache

It is common to store cached copies of downloaded files within sub-directories of the download cache to keep some degree of order. For example, zc.buildout stores downloaded distributions in a sub-directory named “dist”. Those sub-directories are also known as namespaces. So far, we haven’t specified any namespaces to use, so the download utility stored files directly inside the download cache. Let’s use a namespace “test” instead:

    >>> download = Download(cache=cache, namespace='test')
    >>> print_(download.cache_dir)
    /download-cache/test

The namespace sub-directory hasn’t been created yet:

    >>> ls(cache)

Downloading a file now creates the namespace sub-directory and places a copy of the file inside it:

    >>> path, is_temp = download(server_url+'foo.txt')
    >>> print_(path)
    /download-cache/test/foo.txt
    >>> ls(cache)
    d test
    >>> ls(cache, 'test')
    - foo.txt
    >>> cat(path)
    This is a foo text.
    >>> is_temp
    False

The next time we want to download that file, the copy from inside the cache namespace is used. To see this clearly, we put a file with the same name but different content both on the server and in the cache’s root directory:

    >>> write(server_data, 'foo.txt', 'The wrong text.')
    >>> write(cache, 'foo.txt', 'The wrong text.')

    >>> path, is_temp = download(server_url+'foo.txt')
    >>> print_(path)
    /download-cache/test/foo.txt
    >>> cat(path)
    This is a foo text.

    >>> rmdir(cache, 'test')
    >>> remove(cache, 'foo.txt')
    >>> write(server_data, 'foo.txt', 'This is a foo text.')

### Using a hash of the URL as the filename in the cache

So far, the base name of the downloaded file read from the URL has been used for the name of the cached copy of the file. This may not be desirable in some cases, for example when downloading files from different locations that have the same base name due to some naming convention, or if the file content depends on URL parameters. In such cases, an MD5 hash of the complete URL may be used as the filename in the cache:

    >>> download = Download(cache=cache, hash_name=True)
    >>> path, is_temp = download(server_url+'foo.txt')
    >>> print_(path)
    /download-cache/09f5793fcdc1716727f72d49519c688d
    >>> cat(path)
    This is a foo text.
    >>> ls(cache)
    - 09f5793fcdc1716727f72d49519c688d

The path was printed just to illustrate matters; we cannot know the real checksum since we don’t know which port the server happens to listen at when the test is run, so we don’t actually know the full URL of the file. Let’s check that the checksum actually belongs to the particular URL used:

    >>> (path.lower() ==
    ...  join(cache, md5((server_url+'foo.txt').encode()).hexdigest()).lower())
    True

The cached copy is used when downloading the file again:

    >>> write(server_data, 'foo.txt', 'The wrong text.')
    >>> (path, is_temp) == download(server_url+'foo.txt')
    True
    >>> cat(path)
    This is a foo text.
    >>> ls(cache)
    - 09f5793fcdc1716727f72d49519c688d

If we change the URL, even in such a way that it keeps the base name of the file the same, the file will be downloaded again this time and put in the cache under a different name:

    >>> path2, is_temp = download(server_url+'other/foo.txt')
    >>> print_(path2)
    /download-cache/537b6d73267f8f4447586989af8c470e
    >>> path == path2
    False
    >>> (path2.lower() ==
    ...  join(cache, md5((server_url+'other/foo.txt').encode()).hexdigest()
    ...       ).lower())
    True
    >>> cat(path)
    This is a foo text.
    >>> cat(path2)
    The wrong text.
    >>> ls(cache)
    - 09f5793fcdc1716727f72d49519c688d
    - 537b6d73267f8f4447586989af8c470e

    >>> remove(path)
    >>> remove(path2)
    >>> write(server_data, 'foo.txt', 'This is a foo text.')

## Using the cache purely as a fall-back

Sometimes it is desirable to try downloading a file from the net if at all possible, and use the cache purely as a fall-back option when a server is down or if we are in offline mode. This mode is only in effect if a download cache is configured in the first place:

    >>> download = Download(cache=cache, fallback=True)
    >>> print_(download.cache_dir)
    /download-cache/

A downloaded file will be cached:

    >>> ls(cache)
    >>> path, is_temp = download(server_url+'foo.txt')
    >>> ls(cache)
    - foo.txt
    >>> cat(cache, 'foo.txt')
    This is a foo text.
    >>> is_temp
    False

If the file cannot be served, the cached copy will be used:

    >>> remove(server_data, 'foo.txt')
    >>> try: Download()(server_url+'foo.txt')
    ... except: print_('download error')
    ... else: print_('woops')
    download error
    >>> path, is_temp = download(server_url+'foo.txt')
    >>> cat(path)
    This is a foo text.
    >>> is_temp
    False

Similarly, if the file is served but we’re in offline mode, we’ll fall back to using the cache:

    >>> write(server_data, 'foo.txt', 'The wrong text.')
    >>> get(server_url+'foo.txt')
    'The wrong text.'

    >>> offline_download = Download(cache=cache, offline=True, fallback=True)
    >>> path, is_temp = offline_download(server_url+'foo.txt')
    >>> print_(path)
    /download-cache/foo.txt
    >>> cat(path)
    This is a foo text.
    >>> is_temp
    False

However, when downloading the file normally with the cache being used in fall-back mode, the file will be downloaded from the net and the cached copy will be replaced with the new content:

    >>> cat(download(server_url+'foo.txt')[0])
    The wrong text.
    >>> cat(cache, 'foo.txt')
    The wrong text.

When trying to download a resource whose checksum does not match, the cached copy will neither be used nor overwritten:

    >>> write(server_data, 'foo.txt', 'This is a foo text.')
    >>> download(server_url+'foo.txt', md5('The wrong text.'.encode()).hexdigest())
    Traceback (most recent call last):
    ChecksumError: MD5 checksum mismatch downloading 'http://localhost/foo.txt'
    >>> cat(cache, 'foo.txt')
    The wrong text.

## Configuring the download utility from buildout options

The configuration options explained so far derive from the build logic implemented by the calling code. Other options configure the download utility for use in a particular project or buildout run; they are read from the `buildout` configuration section. The latter can be passed directly as the first argument to the download utility’s constructor.

The location of the download cache is specified by the `download-cache` option:

    >>> download = Download({'download-cache': cache}, namespace='cmmi')
    >>> print_(download.cache_dir)
    /download-cache/cmmi

If the `download-cache` option specifies a relative path, it is understood relative to the current working directory, or to the buildout directory if that is given:

    >>> download = Download({'download-cache': 'relative-cache'})
    >>> print_(download.cache_dir)
    /sample-buildout/relative-cache/

    >>> download = Download({'directory': join(sample_buildout, 'root'),
    ...                      'download-cache': 'relative-cache'})
    >>> print_(download.cache_dir)
    /sample-buildout/root/relative-cache/

Keyword parameters take precedence over the corresponding options:

    >>> download = Download({'download-cache': cache}, cache=None)
    >>> print_(download.cache_dir)
    None

Whether to assume offline mode can be inferred from either the `offline` or the `install-from-cache` option. As usual with zc.buildout, these options must assume one of the values ‘true’ and ‘false’:

    >>> download = Download({'offline': 'true'})
    >>> download.offline
    True

    >>> download = Download({'offline': 'false'})
    >>> download.offline
    False

    >>> download = Download({'install-from-cache': 'true'})
    >>> download.offline
    True

    >>> download = Download({'install-from-cache': 'false'})
    >>> download.offline
    False

These two options are combined using logical ‘or’:

    >>> download = Download({'offline': 'true', 'install-from-cache': 'false'})
    >>> download.offline
    True

    >>> download = Download({'offline': 'false', 'install-from-cache': 'true'})
    >>> download.offline
    True

The `offline` keyword parameter takes precedence over both the `offline` and `install-from-cache` options:

    >>> download = Download({'offline': 'true'}, offline=False)
    >>> download.offline
    False

    >>> download = Download({'install-from-cache': 'false'}, offline=True)
    >>> download.offline
    True

## Regressions

MD5 checksum calculation needs to be reliable on all supported systems, which requires text files to be treated as binary to avoid implicit line-ending conversions:

    >>> text = 'First line of text.\r\nSecond line.\r\n'
    >>> f = open(join(server_data, 'foo.txt'), 'wb')
    >>> _ = f.write(text.encode())
    >>> f.close()
    >>> path, is_temp = Download()(server_url+'foo.txt',
    ...                            md5(text.encode()).hexdigest())
    >>> remove(path)

When “downloading” a directory given by file-system path or `file:` URL and using a download cache at the same time, the cached directory wasn’t handled correctly. Consequently, the cache was defeated and an attempt to cache the directory a second time broke. This is how it should work:

    >>> download = Download(cache=cache)
    >>> dirpath = join(server_data, 'some_directory')
    >>> mkdir(dirpath)
    >>> dest, _ = download(dirpath)

If we now modify the source tree, the second download will produce the original one from the cache:

    >>> mkdir(join(dirpath, 'foo'))
    >>> ls(dirpath)
    d foo
    >>> dest, _ = download(dirpath)
    >>> ls(dest)

## Clean up

We should have cleaned up all temporary files created by downloading things:

    >>> ls(tempfile.tempdir)

Reset the global temporary directory:

    >>> tempfile.tempdir = old_tempdir